{"id":10104,"date":"2024-10-10T06:14:45","date_gmt":"2024-10-10T06:14:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/?p=10104"},"modified":"2024-10-10T06:14:46","modified_gmt":"2024-10-10T06:14:46","slug":"important-pests-of-cereals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/2024\/10\/10\/important-pests-of-cereals\/","title":{"rendered":"Important pests of cereals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Introduction:<\/strong> The wheat bug is one of the important pests of wheat and barley and is considered a general pest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Distribution Areas in the Country:<\/strong> It is found in most wheat-growing regions of the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Damage:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adult Bugs:<\/strong> The overwintering adults (both male and female) leave their winter habitats in spring and migrate to wheat and barley fields.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nymphs:<\/strong> The first and second instar nymphs do not feed much, but from the third instar onward, their feeding increases significantly, reaching its maximum in the fourth and fifth instars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spring Generation Bugs:<\/strong> These insects, which are the adult bugs of the new generation, need to feed on firm and harvest-ready wheat grains to continue growing and gain the ability to fly. If the density of nymphs reaches more than five per square meter, control measures against wheat bugs become necessary.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Host Plant Damage:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Damage During Tillering to Stem Formation Stage:<\/strong> In this stage, overwintering male and female bugs suck the sap from the leaves, central bud, and young stem (before and at the beginning of spike formation), causing the spike to dry out. This type of damage is termed quantitative damage, leading to the failure of spike formation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Damage During Flowering and Early Grain Formation Stage:<\/strong> During this growth stage, the overwintering adults and younger nymphs cause damage by sucking the sap from the stem, resulting in spike drying, or the second and third instar nymphs feed on the wheat and barley spikes during flowering, leading to the grains becoming shriveled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Damage During the Milky and Dough Stage Until Harvest:<\/strong> In this stage, winged bugs and nymphs only feed on the grains and do not suck the sap from the stem. Here, the quality of the damage is of greater concern since the bugs introduce enzymes for the &#8220;interolysis&#8221; of wheat grain proteins, which remain inside the grains and ultimately reduce the quality of flour, causing the dough not to rise properly.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: The wheat bug is one of the important pests of wheat and barley and is considered a general pest.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10105,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71,74,119],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10104","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","category-fertilizer","category-plant-clinic-services"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10104"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10104\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10106,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10104\/revisions\/10106"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10104"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10104"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/golsamsepahan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}